A recent review published in JAMA Ophthalmology has raised concerns about a possible link between GLP-1 medications, like semaglutide (found in Ozempic and Wegovy) and tirzepatide (found in Zepbound and Mounjaro), and serious eye conditions. The review looked at three conditions: nonarteritic anterior ischemic optic neuropathy (NAION), papillitis, and paracentral acute middle maculopathy, all of which can cause blindness.
Earlier in 2024, a study in JAMA Ophthalmology suggested a connection between semaglutide and NAION. The new review expands on these findings, reporting that nine people who used semaglutide or tirzepatide had vision problems. Seven developed NAION, one had a retinal stroke, and one experienced swelling in both optic nerves.
What Are GLP-1 Medications Doing to Our Eyes?
Dr. Bradley Katz, the study’s lead author and an ophthalmologist at the University of Utah, says more research is needed to understand how these medications affect our eyes and overall health. He pointed out that in 2023, about 2-3% of Americans were prescribed these drugs, so it’s important to keep an eye on any potential side effects.
In this study, nine patients, averaging around 58 years old, were examined. Of these, seven developed NAION, which can cause permanent vision loss. Another patient suffered a stroke in the retina, and one experienced swelling in the optic nerves but did not lose vision.
Could Blood Sugar Drops Be the Cause?
The study suggests that rapid changes in blood sugar, which GLP-1 medications are known to cause, might be responsible for these eye issues. Dr. Katz explained that lowering blood sugar too quickly can lead to swelling in the optic nerve and make existing eye problems worse. This may happen because the sudden changes in blood sugar cause fluid shifts between blood vessels and cells in the eye.
While it’s not yet clear exactly how this happens, the researchers are focusing on this as a possible cause for the eye complications.
What Should Patients Do If They Notice Vision Changes?
Dr. Katz emphasizes that people shouldn’t stop using GLP-1 drugs unless told to by their doctor. However, if a patient notices any changes in their vision, they should immediately consult their healthcare provider and see an eye specialist. For those starting or increasing their GLP-1 dosage, doctors may suggest doing so slowly to avoid rapid drops in blood sugar.
Dr. Katz also urges the FDA to conduct a survey to determine how common these eye problems are with GLP-1 medications.
Experts Suggest Regular Eye Exams
Dr. Mir Ali, a surgeon and bariatric expert, commented that vision problems linked to these medications seem to be rare. However, he recommended that people on GLP-1 medications pay attention to their vision and contact their doctor if they notice any changes. Dr. Ali also emphasized that, despite the rarity of these issues, people should be aware of all possible side effects of these medications.
Dr. Howard Krauss, an eye specialist, recommended regular eye exams for anyone taking GLP-1 drugs, especially for those who have conditions that may increase the risk of eye problems. He suggested that an eye exam before starting treatment could be helpful in identifying potential risks.
Conclusion
Although the link between GLP-1 medications and vision problems is still being studied, patients should remain alert to any changes in their eyesight. If any vision changes occur, it’s important to consult a doctor right away. Regular eye exams could help catch potential issues early.
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